Stella

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=Assignment 4-6= = **After completing your** __** Understanding How Ashoka's Edicts Helped Unify India **__ sheet answer the following comprehension questions: = == 1. What are the main ideas expressed in Ashoka's edicts? == == 2. What are some of the ways in which Ashoka's leadership promoted unity in India? == == 3. In what ways did Ashoka's Buddhist beliefs contribute to the unification of India? == == 4. In addition to the edicts, what else might have contributed to the unification of India during this time period? == ==5. Explain how one of the edicts you examined could be categorized another way == == (i.e. instead of Buddhist Values it could also concern Justice) ==

1. Ashoka expresses the Buddhist values of peace and good behavior, the general welfare of men and animals, bringing justice to people by treating them fairly without pinpointing the fact that this person is at a lower social level than the accuser, and the security of the people in his land.

2. Ashoka believed in Buddhism and stopped warfare after learning that it was such a waste. He expressed his thoughts that peace was the best solution, and considered his citizens well to make them believe that he cared for them.

3. Ashoka believed that the unconquered people in his border should trust him, and be satisfied with the dealings he will make with them. He also says that good behavior towards slaves, servants, parents, friends, acquaintances, and relatives towards people is the gift of Dharma, plus not murdering people. Also, he mentioned that having a big amount on property is not the best thing to do, which means not to be greedy.

4. Maybe the endless fights had exhausted the different kingdoms and had pushed them to consider uniting India. Probably the land seemed to petty to fight over after all that time.

5. Edict C could have also applied to Justice, because the officers are given rights to punish people after a judicial trial with fairness. Edict F could have been also appeared to be Justice because no one is to be detained or tortured without a good cause.

= = media type="custom" key="4929065" Scribble Map

====**__ Assignment 4-5 __** Website: [|India-Government] Use the website above and what you have learned in class so far to answer these questions about the early Indus River Governments. 1. Why would having a central government help in planning and organizing a city? A central government can have people who are experts in planning and organizing a city. They could have worked together to build it. The government probably thought a lot on organizing the city.====

6. Why did people look up to the priests?
They were the highest in social levels and made offerings to the gods.

Review Questions from P. 149
1. a. Monsoons are wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons each season. b. The northern part of the Indian subcontinent has really high elevations. c. It is because India is so big. It's a large mass of land smaller than a continent.

2. a. Indus River Valley. b. The Harrapan Civilization c. Scholars do not know how to read the Harrapan language.

3. a. They were invaders from Central Asia who took control of the Indus Valley. b. Aryans were first nomads, moving around, but soon began to settled in villages and started to farm. They didn't build big cities unlike the Harrapans. Aryans lived in small communities usually based on family ties. Each group had a leader, most likely a skilled warrior. Rajas ruled over the Aryan villages and land around it.

====**__ Assignment 4-4 __** **Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.** 1. What varna were you in during the caste system simulation? The Brahmans 2. What was your favorite part about the caste system simulation? Why? I liked how we didn't have to do anything much. It was because we could have a head start in our homework. 3. What part of the simulation made you angry, upset, or frustrated? Why? When I was trying to read the textbook, I sometimes couldn't concentrate because there was a lot of distracting activity and noise around me. 4. Do you think this system is fair? Why or why not? Yes and no. Yes because I think people in higher classes should have more power. And no because I think some of the higher class people treated others who ranked lower than them unfairly. 5. Do you think a society should organize people into social classes? Why or Why not? Yes, but I don't think there should be slaves. Organizing people into social classes keeps things in order. It might keep people from usurping for the higher classes. But I also think people should be able to change social classes and people shouldn't be born into a specific social class. They should have a chance to show their talent.====

**__ Assignment 4-3 __**
====**Source:** [|Archeologists Ideas Mohenjo-Daro.pdf]==== ====Think about the activity we did in class as archeologists in Mohenjo-Daro. Using the source above, your ideas, and the notes you took about archeologists ideas, answer the following questions __clearly__ and __completely__ on your wiki page. **Each answer should be at least two sentences long with specific information.**====

1. What have you learned about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro from this activity?
I learned that Mohenjo-Daro had merchants that traded goods and farmers who tended and grew crops. There was a public bath which could've been used for religious rituals. There were board games, probably an older version of chess. They even had their own complicated drain system.

2. Which characteristics of civilization do you see represented in the artifacts you looked at? Explain.
There was a small toy that showed two oxen plowing the field with the farmer at the back. This shows the characteristic: "A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change." That's because the toy seemed to be showing that farmers plowed which was an efficient way to make the soil much smoother and for crops to grow better. The seals show: "A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing." The people of Mohenjo-Daro wrote in pictographs and drew pictures on the small steatite.

3. In what ways do you think Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city?
It had a public bath like we do in South Korea. Plus, it had a complex system of drains that ran throughout the city. The dirty, used water was dumped into the Indus River. Even the poor had drains their bathroom. Some houses in Mohenjo-Daro were multiroom.

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Maybe it was because it was a long time ago. And I don't think the people of Mohenjo-Daro kept and wrote down a lot of historical records back then. There probably isn't enough evidence to make an inference.=====

5. What do you think might have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro?
It could have been because the Sarasvati River dried up. They moved to the banks around the Ganga River.

1. What was discovered during the excavations of Mohenjo-Daro?
The artifacts found were: necklace, 2 figurines, seal, model cart, set of weights, and a metal plate. For city construction: bricks, walls of houses, wells, and drains.

2. How is Mohenjo-Daro similar to our cities today?
It had a public bath, which South Korea has a lot of them. There was also the complex system of drains. The drains were even available for the poor to have in there bathrooms. Mohenjo-Daro had houses that had more than one room.

3. What can we learn from archaeological discoveries (such as artifacts and city construction) in Mohenjo-Daro?
Mohenjo-Daro was highly developed with the drain system and the Great Bath. They traded goods and had farmers who grew crops. They had more than one room in their houses.

4. Give clear and specific information about how people lived in Mohenjo-Daro. In your answer, you have to talk about the artifacts that you discovered and put into the museum.
They lived abundantly. Rich women wore necklaces and jewelery. The necklace I placed in the museum is made of gold beads and green stone beads, both valuable and rare. The figurine found during the excavations of Mohenjo-Daro shows a woman wearing lots of jewelery and a headdress. There were drains in the bathroom that dumped the dirty water into the Indus River. They seemed to be organized, because there were seals that some archeologists think were to show which merchant had which good(s). There were boats and carts to move goods over water and land. There is evidence because there was a toy model cart found. This shows the people of Mohenjo-Daro had good transportation. To measure goods, merchants probably used sets of weights (the ones I placed in the museum).

5. What do we know about the Priest-King?
I could be the sculpture of a ruler who was an important man or priest. He wears a golden headband that also has a circular ornament. His deeply cut eyes could have had carved shell set into them.

The Great Bath was/is a mysterious building found in Mohenjo-Daro. It could have been used as a public bath or for religious rituals.
====**__ Assignment 4-1 __** **Source: [|IndiaSubcontinentMapTrans.jpg]** **Directions: Look at the map above, read the text below, and answer the following questions on your wiki page:** **I**n the 1990's, satellite pictures revealed an ancient, dried riverbed located in India's present-day Thar Desert. Geologists have identified this riverbed as the route of the ancient **Sarasvati River**. The Sarasvati lay east of the Indus River and generally followed the same course, originating in the Himalaya mountains and emptying into the Arabian Sea. Geologists believe that the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati evolved into the dry, hot desert that exists today. Early Indian agricultural settlements arose in the Indus-Sarasvati river region at least as far back as 6500 B.C.E. Like many other ancient peoples, the early Indians settled by rivers. They settled primarily on the banks of the Sarasvati River as well as along the banks of the Indus River. These rivers provided the ancient Indians with plenty of water, and the land near the rivers was fertile and excellent for growing crops. The rivers also provided the Indians with a convenient way to travel and trade among themselves and with other civilizations. Archeologists have found artifacts from the Indus-Sarasvati civilization - such as carved seals - in Mesopotamia's Sumer. These discoveries have led scholars to believe that the early Indians traded with Mesopotamia, possibly by traveling in ships down the Indus and Sarasvati rivers to the Arabian Sea and then west to Sumer and other locations. After the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E., the Indus-Sarasvati Indians moved to more habitable areas, such as the fertile banks of the Ganga river further east. Archeological evidence shows, however, that people settled by the Ganga River as far back as 5000 B.C.E. ====

1. In what ways is your map similar to the one that you see in the map above?
==== It has the Thar Desert, Hindu Kush Mountains, Indus River, Brahmaputra River, Himalaya Mountains, Ganga River, Deccan Plateau, Eastern and Western Ghates, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean labeled. It also has some of it labeled with colors or symbols. ====

3. Why do you think settlements developed along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers? Explain with clear and complete details.
==== The Indus and Sarsvati rivers had fertile soil around them that were good for farming and producing food. And the weather is sunny and warm there. So it is perfect for growing food. The people who settled there came from the west, which is where the Indus and Sarsvati Rivers are near. ====

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=Step 2:= = = **Look at the picture of an artist's rendition of what Mohenjo-Daro might have looked like and answer the following Comprehension Questions on your wiki page (answers should be fully thought out and worthy of upper school).** = **A. What have you learned about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro from this activity?** = I learned that there were farmers that produce the farm goods for the merchants to trade. Farms goods: barely, cotton, rice, melons, peas, sesame seeds, and dates. There were pool baths for people to bathe in, and could've been used in religious rituals, which means that the people of Mohenjo-Daro believed in a god and had a religion. There were probably shops in Mohenjo-Daro because there were merchants. Water was stored and retrieved from wells. = = = **B. Which aspects of daily life do you see represented in the picture that the artist drew?** = I can see merchants hauling the farm goods with each other. There are bulls pulling the cart and lots of goods are being picked up. Some merchants are sitting down having a rest. It seems like they are waiting for the cart to come so they can haul the good onto the cart so it can be transported elsewhere for trade. Farms goods: barely, cotton, rice, melons, peas, sesame seeds, and dates. The large white things the merchants are holding could be cotton. = **C. In what ways do you think Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city?** = It had it's own complicated system of drains that ran throughout the city. Dirty, used water was emptied into the Indus River by clay pipes. Even the poor can have drains in their bathrooms. Mohenjo-Daro had rows of houses, some that were even multiroom. They had a sort of public bath called "The Great Bath". They had seals that were written in pictograph and there were wells where the people of Mohenjo-Daro could store and retrieve water. = = = **D. Why do you think it is difficult for us to know exactly what life was like in ancient civilizations like those in the Indus-Sarasvati region?** =

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It is because it was such a long time ago. And they didn't keep a lot of historical records back then. Maybe some the ancient civilizations didn't last long. There aren't enough evidence to make an inference.===== = **E. What do you think might have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro?** = Invaders from other places could've been stronger than the people of Mohenjo-Daro. Maybe, a famine and disease struck and the population declined. Or the Indus water got too polluted because of the dirty water being inserted there and people got sick from the water.

=__Assignment 3-8__= Now that we are finished with the ancient Egypt unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about ancient Egypt. Please complete these sentences **clearly and with specific details**. Write the answers on your wiki page. If you need reminders of what we did, just scroll through the assignments on this page or look through your notes.

1. The single most important thing I learned were the 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt. (The Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.) It is because I didn't know Ancient Egypt had 3 separate time periods. I would now know what kingdom this pyramid was built, and what kingdom this pharaoh was throned.

2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was the time period that is after the Old Kingdom. The time when powerful priests ruled Egypt instead of pharaohs. I sort of got mixed up if that time period was part of the Old Kingdom or the Middle Kingdom.

3. What surprised me the most was that Egypt didn't have much slaves. I didn't think of it much but I thought Egypt would have more slaves then what the facts say. I also didn't know that the farmers were the ones building the pyramids.

4. I would like to know more about the Sphinx. I don't think we covered much about the Sphinx and I don't know how significant they are to Egypt but I think it'll be interesting to learn about the Sphinx. Why was it built? How was it built? When was it first built?

5. The part that I think I will always remember was that King Khufu is famous because of his Great Pyramid of Giza. I don't really know why I might always remember this. It might be because I looked at the notes and it somehow got into my head. It was the first thing to read in the Riverboat Tour. = = = =

=**__Assignment 3-5__**= Read the information here about the three kingdoms in ancient Egypt. The problem with these three paragraphs is that each paragraph does not have specific details or evidence. Your task is to find specific details and evidence from our textbook for the information presented in each paragraph about each kingdom. Then re-write the paragraph adding the new specific details and evidence you found. Write the new paragraph on your wiki page. Grade each paragraph for quality: 4=outstanding work, detailed, correct and above the call of duty 3=very good work, completes assignment, is above average 2=completes assignment correctly, average work 1=does not complete assignment, needs work 0=does not follow directions, assignment missing

The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE - 2200 BCE) Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 98-100 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The pharaohs had power over everything and was considered as gods on Earth. This kingdom was named "The Pyramid Age" because pharaohs were buried in pyramids ONLY. The pyramids were huge stone tombs with 4 triangular sides that met in a point on top. The Great Pyramid of Khufu, near the town of Giza was the largest pyramid to be built. Large blocks of limestone were cut with copper and stone and shipped to the building site by boats. Workers dragged the stones on wooden sleds to the pyramid. The blocks of stone were dragged towards the top of the pyramid by ramps made with rubble. Pyramids did not always have smooth sides. The smooth-sided pyramids started to be built around 2700 B.C.E. About 100,000 workers were needed for building a single pyramid. The workers were paid with goods(grain) instead of money, and the government kept records of them. The pyramid was important to the pharaoh. Pointing at the sky, the pyramid symbolized the pharaoh's journey to the afterlife. The Egyptians built the Egypt to look spectacular because they thought the pharaoh, as their link to the gods, controlled everyone's afterlife. To ensure the pharaoh remained safe after their deaths, Egyptians sometimes wrote hymns and magical spells on the pharaoh's tomb. Even after the pharaoh was dead, he/she was still important to the Egyptians. But after building a couple of pyramids, which costed a lot to Egypt, the pharaohs realized the pyramids were easy to spot. And that meant that robbing it was easier then a hidden tomb. There were some changes that happened in The Middle Kingdom. Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 101-102 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The Middle Kingdom was Egypt's Golden Age. It was different from the Old Kingdom because pharaohs were buried in hidden tombs instead of pyramids. During the Middle Kingdom, trade, art, and literature flourished. At the end of the Old Kingdom, the pharaohs had lost their wealth and power. By 2200 B.C.E., the kingdom had fallen and for the next 160 years, local nobles ruled much of Egypt. That all changed at around 2050 B.C.E. when a powerful pharaoh defeated his rivals and all of Egypt was united. It began the Middle Kingdom, but it ended at about 1750 B.C.E. The Hyksos (A group from Southwest Asia) invaded Egypt around 1750 B.C.E. They used horses, chariots, and advanced weapons to conquer Lower Egypt. They ruled as pharaohs for 200 years. In the mid-1500s B.C.E., Ahmose of Thebes declared himself as king of Egypt and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. Then Ahmose ruled all of Egypt. Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 101-102 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The New Kingdom was Egypt's expansion period. After battling the Hyksos, the pharaohs took control of all possible invasion routes into the kingdom. Egypt expanded her borders through military conquest and became a world power. Military conquest brought Egyptian traders contact from more far-away lands. Trade routes developed. Queen Hatshepsut worked to increase trade, under her rule, the Egyptians traded with the kingdom of Punt and with the people of Asia Minor and Greece. The money from the trade was used to support art and architecture. During the time period of the new kingdom, pharaohs were all powerful, and pharaohs were all buried in the same geographic area called the Valley of the Kings. There were also invasions. Ramses II battled the Hittites(a group from Asia Minor), in 1200 B.C.E. Both could not defeat other. The Tehenu invaded the Nile Delta but Ramses II fought them off.
 * __Part 1__
 * Pyramids (definition, examples, construction details)
 * Workers
 * Importance of the pyramids **GRADE: 3**
 * __Part 2__**
 * The Middle Kingdom (2100 BCE - 1800 BCE)
 * the difference with the Old Kingdom
 * what life was like during this time
 * wars or battles and who was involved **GRADE: 3**
 * __Part 3__**
 * The New Kingdom (1500 BCE - 1000 BCE)
 * the causes of the growth of trade
 * what life was like in an empire
 * wars or battles (invasions) and who was involved **GRADE: 3**


 * __Assignment 3-4__ ****Part 1:** Go to this [|site] and read about the different Egyptian gods and goddesses . Choose one of these that you would like to be and explain why you would like to be that god or goddess . Then choose one that you would __**not**__ want to be and explain why. Make sure your explanations are **middle school quality explanations**.
 * Part 2:** Compare these Egyptian gods and goddesses with the [|Mesopotamian gods and goddesses]. Did you find similar gods? Name the gods/goddesses and clearly explain the similarities? Why do you think they are similar even though Egypt and the Mesopotamian civilizations were different?

I would not like to be the god Seth because he was the god of chaos. He also murdered his brother, Osiris and threw him into the Nile. He battled his own nephew, Horus to become the ruler of the living.
 * Part 1:** I would like to be Bastet, because she was seen as a gentle and protective goddess. She protected the king in battle, which also tells me she was brave. Bastet appears with a head of a lioness when in battle. Overall, I think Bastet is a courageous and pleasant goddess, and that is why I want to be Bastet.
 * Part 2:** Horus and Anu had a similarity. They ruled the same thing: the sky. Except that Horus was seen as a man with a head of a hawk, and Anu was symbolized as a horned cap. Hathor and Ishtar were both the goddess of love. However, Hathor was also the goddess of joy which was the complete opposite to Ishtar, who was also the goddess of war. Osiris and Ereshkigal both ruled over the underworld. I think they are similar because the beliefs that Mesopotamians and Egyptians believed in were alike each other in some ways. First, they both thought the sky, the underworld, love, etc... had a god/goddess ruling over it. For example: Ra(Egypt) and Shamash(Mesopotamia) are both the sun god. The sun was important to the Mesopotamians and Egyptians because without the sun, the crops would not grow, there would be no light, etc...

=__Assignment 3-3__=
 * Source:** How to Mummify Nefermaat
 * Directions:** Go to the link above to mummify a body. As you work to mummify the body, answer the following questions __**clearly and with details**__ on your wiki page.
 * 1) Why did Egyptians want to [|preserve] dead bodies?
 * 2) How did they [|preserve] bodies? What is this process of preservation called?
 * 3) Explain how the brain was removed from the dead body. Why was the brain removed?
 * 4) Name the four internal organs that were removed from the body. What was done with these organs?
 * 5) What did they do with the heart? Why?
 * 6) What is natron and why was it used? Using your scribble map of Egypt, name the area where natron came from.
 * 7) How was [|linen] used during mummification?
 * 8) What are [|amulets] and how were they used? Give two examples of amulets that were used and explain why they were used.
 * 9) What happens to the body after it was mummified?

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 * 1) It was preserved so the soul could recognize the body after death.
 * 2) First drying out the body, then wrapping it in protective bandages. It is called mummification.
 * 3) There would be a metal hook to stick it up into the nose to break the brain into pieces and take the pieces out from the nose. Egyptians did not think it was important.
 * 4) Intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs were put in the correct 4 canopic jars
 * 5) They did not remove the heart. Egyptians thought the heart was the center of intelligence, emotions, and feelings.
 * 6) Natron is a salt that observes moisture. It was to pack the body with for 40 days. It came from Wadi el-Natrun, arabic for Natron Valley.
 * 7) It was for wrapping and stuffing the dead body.
 * 8) It is a small object to ward off evil, harm, and illness. It also gives good luck. The Djed Pillar was a symbol of stability and of the god Osiris. It was placed at the neck. The heart amulet was an amulet in the shape of a heart. It was to protect the heart in the afterlife. It was placed over the heart.
 * 9) It is put into a mummy case with the mummy mask on. it was then put into a sarcophagus. The mummy is believed to journey to the afterlife.

=__Assignment 3-2__=
 * Source: Pages 93 & 94 in your online textbook and refer to your river boat tour notes**
 * Directions: Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.**

1. Read the //If YOU were there section//. How do you feel about working for the pharaoh? 2. Eventually the Third Dynasty began in ancient Egypt. The Third Dynasty was the beginning of what historians call ............. . When did it start and end? 3. Explain how ancient Egyptians felt about their country and their pharaoh. 4. What were the responsibilities of the pharaoh? 5. What is best known about the famous pharaoh, Khufu? Can you name a specific monument built for him? 6.a Clearly explain the structure of society in the Old Kingdom. (Note: This should be a long answer.) 6.b. What may be some advantages and disadvantages of such a large segment of the population being farmers, servants, and slaves? 6.c. What did farmers do during flood season? 7. Clearly explain trading in ancient Egypt (what was traded and who they traded with). 8. Define the word //**acquire**//. Use //**acquire**// in an original sentence. 9. Using the drawing of Egyptian society on page 94, explain where Viziers would be placed?

b. Advantages: farmers would do the farming for the food the Egyptians needed. They would do work on the pharaoh's building projects when they were not farming. Slaves and servants would do work for richer people, so the richer people would do their work without putting their energy into any other work. Disadvantages: this means there are less people who have money and power. This makes Egypt a bit of a poor country, I think. There were less people practicing religion and people who were not even involved in the government in the slightest (as in voting, or speech.) c. Farmers would work on the pharaoh's building projects. 7. Nu bia: Traded and got gold, copper, ivory, slaves, and stone for building. Trade with Syria provided them with wood for building and for fire. 8. acquire: to get, Jenny acquired the jewel from her mother. 9. Nobles, right below the pharaoh. Viziers were high officials in the government.
 * 1) I feel it is right to serve the pharaoh because he/she keeps Egypt safe and going.
 * 2) The Old Kingdom. It lasted from about 2700 to 2200 B.C.E.
 * 3) The Egyptians thought their country, Egypt belonged to the gods. They thought the pharaoh had come down from Earth to manage Egypt for the rest of the gods.
 * 4) They were responsible for the start of disease, growing of the crops, profitable trade, and the prevention of war.
 * 5) He is best known about the monuments built for him. He also unified Egypt. He built the Great Pyramid of Giza.
 * 6) a. In this time period, the Egyptians were still developing the political system. The system they developed was based on the belief that the pharaoh was a king and a god. They believed their country belonged to the gods. By the end of this period, there were 2 million people. As the population grew, social classes started to form. The Egyptians believed that a well-ordered society would keep Egypt strong. The top of the society was the pharaoh and below the pharaoh were the upper classes, which was made up of priests and key government officials. Most of them were nobles, people from rich and powerful families. Next, there was the middle class, which were lesser government officials, scribes, and a few rich craftspeople. And last in the pyramid of society was the lower class, which made up more than 80% of the Egyptian population. There were farmers, servants, and slaves.

=Assignment 1=


 * Sources:**
 * **Carefully read your online textbook pages 88 and 89.** **(Note: Make sure you scroll down on page 89 to see more information.)**
 * **Use the map above, the maps in the //Egypt Resources// wiki page, or your Scribble Map search function**


 * Directions:**
 * **Your task is to label a map of the Nile River and ancient Egypt on your current Scribble Map. You must mark, label, or represent famous sites, cities, and other objects. //Label everything carefully//.** (Note: //Mark// means use a marker, //label// means use a text label, //represent// means draw a symbol to show the item.)
 * **You must also provide an image and a description for some of the labels. Each description must be at least three sentences long and must be clear, detailed, and specific. Your description should give us clear information to help us understand the item or place and why it was so important for ancient Egyptians.**

1. Represent and label the Nile’s Sixth Cataract to the First Cataract.

2. Label the Red Sea.

3. Represent three mines and three quarries. **Provide an image and a description for each mine and quarry.**

4. Represent and label these historic sites: the Valley of the Kings, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the Sphinx, Abu Simbel, the Pharos (lighthouse in the port of Alexandria), the Bahriya Oasis and the Farafra oasis (include palm trees). **Provide an image and a description for each historic site.**

5. Mark these cities: Abydos, Thebes, Giza, Hermopolis, Memphis, Bubastis, Rosetta, Alexandria, Meroe, Khartoum, and Elephantine

6. Label these geographical features: the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nile Delta (include animals found here), the Sinai Peninsula, the Wadi el-Natrun, the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Suez, the Nubian Desert. Include animals of the desert. **Provide an image and a description for each geographical feature.**

7. Label Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.

__Assignment 2-8__ **Source: Read pages 76 and 77 in your online textbook** =Characteristics of Civilization= =Civilization Name: Hittites=
 * Directions:** Review Pages 76-77 and choose one of the groups below. Research the group you have chosen (two links are provided for each already) and complete **The Characteristics of Civilization Chart** for the civilization you have chosen. Write **clear and detailed**
 * = ** Six Characteristics of Civilization ** ||= ** Evidence for Characteristic ** ||= ** Explanation ** ||
 * A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of society. ** ||= There was a king. ||= If there is a king there should be a system of government with the king. ||
 * = ** A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. **
 * = ** A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. **

||= There was trade. ||= Trade might've helped them with the food supply. (Trading for food). Also, a civilization would not last long without a stable food supply. || **Was it difficult to find evidence for the culture you picked? Why or why not? Yes as no. The websites talked about somethings a lot and others not so much.
 * Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. ** ||= Weapons were made of iron. ||= Then there would be metalworkers as well. ||
 * Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others. ** ||= The king, religions. ||= The king is a different social status and if there were religions, there must've been priests, who are a higher social status. ||
 * = **A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing.** ||= They invented a way to smelt iron. ||= It relates to science. ||
 * = **A religious system, that might include priests and temples.** ||= The Hittites seemed to have recognized that all gods were legitimate gods. ||= It shows that they recognized gods. ||
 * = **A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing.** ||= They invented a way to smelt iron. ||= It relates to science. ||
 * = **A religious system, that might include priests and temples.** ||= The Hittites seemed to have recognized that all gods were legitimate gods. ||= It shows that they recognized gods. ||

My Sumerian Achievement Comic!!**



=__Assignment 2-7__= Source: Read pages 74 and 75 in your online textbook
 * Directions:** Read the questions/directions carefully and write **clear and detailed** answers on your wiki page.

1. Read the "If you were there..." section on page 74. How will you advise the King? 2. What happened to Ur by 2000 BCE? 3. Where was Babylon located? 4. Who became the king of Babylon? When did he become king? 5. What is a monarch? 6. After conquering all of Mesopotamia, what did Hammurabi call his empire? 7. Hammurabi was a great warrior and leader. What other skills did he have? 8. What is Hammurabi's Code? What areas of daily life did the code cover? 9. Give two reasons why Hammurabi's Code was important. 10. What eventually happened to the Babylonian Empire? How is this similar to what happened to the Akkadian Empire? 11. Read the different laws in the [|Code of Hammurabi on this site] and choose **three** that you think are interesting. __**Copy**__ the three laws and their **numbers** onto your page. Then for **each** law, explain why you think it's interesting. You can write about if you disagree or agree with the law or if you think the law is a good law or a cruel law.

1. I would tell the king the level does not matter in punishing. Just because the person is a priest doesn't mean he will be charged with, for example a small sack of grain. I believe people should have equal rights. 2. Ur was destroyed. 3. Babylon was located on the Euphrates River near what is today Baghdad, Iraq. 4. Hammurabi, he became king on 1792 BC. 5. a ruler of a kingdom or empire. 6. the Babylonian Empire 7. Setting laws. He was wise to write a code of laws which helped shape his empire. 8. It was a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. Trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury, and murder. 9. It made sure the citizens knew what was right or wrong and punished people who did not follow the law (like today). In all, the Code of Hammurabi helped shape his empire. 10. After Hammurabi died, the kings that followed faced invasions from people Hammurabi had conquered. When Sargon ruled the Akkadian Empire, all was well and the empire was at it's peak. But when Sargon stopped ruling (or died), invasions started happening. It seems like after the king who first brought together the empire died or stopped ruling, the empire seemed to have fallen into chaos. 11.
 * 55. If any one open his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water flood the field of his neighbor, then he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss.
 * 202. If any one strike the body of a man higher in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public.
 * 282. If a slave say to his master: "You are not my master," if they convict him his master shall cut off his ear.


 * For being careless, the person has to pay someone. That is what makes it interesting. It shows that not only do you have to be a criminal or murderer to be charged with a fine. I think it is a very fair law and applies to jobs and schools today.
 * I think this one is a pretty harsh law. Maybe the person who struck the other man in higher rank should become his slave for a small amount of time about 2 weeks or so.
 * Now this one, is a cruel law. But it shows us to be careful of what we say.

**Assignment 2-6** After playing the Trader's Circuit, answer the following questions in complete sentences on your page. You can copy and paste these questions into your page. Then go to the **discussion tabs** of at least three other classmates and make **good quality middle school comments** about your classmates answers to the questions about the Trader's Circuit game. You can make comments to your classmates like if you agree or disagree or comments about how good their answers and ideas are. __**Trader's Circuit questions**__ 1. What part of the game did you like the best? Why? 2. During the game, how did you feel and why did you feel that way? 3. What part of the game was difficult for you? 4. In your opinion, what advantage is there to having a monopoly of an entire product/resource such as dates or jewelry? 5. What part of the game would you change if you played it again? Why? 6. In this game, was it better to cooperate with another player or to be selfish and try to get all the products/resources for yourself? Why?

1. I liked it when I made a deal with someone to trade for this with that. It was because the deals I made with them were actually successful. 2. I felt like everything was in disorder. It is because, people stole cards from other people, there was sometimes mistakes, and we were all loud. 3. When I tried to trade my barely(10) for the last textile(40) that I needed to win. 4. Then you can trade it with people with a different monopoly of things who needed it. 5. I would have changed the cost of some things. If someone got all the cards that weren't worth very much, they couldn't make a deal. 6. cooperate. If you needed a product that they had, and they wanted a product that you had, I think trading would be easier. If you didn't wanted to trade the good you didn't need but wanted and the other person needed it and had a product you wanted, how else would you get the person's product.

=**__Assignment 2-5__**= Use your online textbook pages 63 & 64 to answer these questions clearly and with details on your wiki page. Make sure to look through the **whole page** in your textbook and the links for the vocabulary when answering some of the questions.


 * 1) Where did the Akkadians live?
 * 2) What was their relationship with the Sumerians like before the 2300s B.C.E.?
 * 3) Who was Sargon and what did he do?
 * 4) What did Sargon establish?
 * 5) Define 'empire'.
 * 6) Explain two examples why Sargon is considered a great leader.
 * 7) How long did Sargon rule his empire?
 * 8) What eventually happened to the Akkadian Empire?
 * 9) Who eventually became the most powerful civilization in Mesopotamia again?
 * 10) Using the picture of the City-State of Ur, what can you see in the picture that shows Ur was an advanced city?


 * 1) They lived just north of Sumer
 * 2) It was peaceful
 * 3) Sargon was the Akkadian emperor. He took over Sumer and established the first empire.
 * 4) The first empire.
 * 5) land with different territories and peoples under a single rule
 * 6) 1. Sargon overthrew Sumer and established the first empire. 2. He was the first ruler to have a permanent army with soldiers armed with bows and arrows.
 * 7) More than 50 years.
 * 8) The later rulers could not keep the empire safe from invaders. Hostile tribes from the east raided and captured Akkad. Then Sumerian city-state of Ur regained it's strength and conquered the rest of Mesopotamia.
 * 9) The Sumerians
 * 10) There was a wall to keep invaders out and a giant temple which shows us the city-state of Ur's architectural designs. There are many houses and shops. They also made canals.

=__Assignment 2-4__= Using **The Six Characteristics of a Civilization** (see below)**,** answer the following questions **clearly** and with **details** on your wiki page. = = 1. Is Korea/ the U.S. a civilization according to the six characteristics explained in class? Provide one example from Korea/the U.S. for each characteristic. 2. Does a civilization, in your opinion, need to have all of the characteristics mentioned? Why or why not?

1. A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of the society. 2. A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. 3. Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. 4. Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others. 5. A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing. 6. A religious system, which might include priests and temples.
 * The Six Characteristics of a Civilization:**

Both, Korea and the U.S. have a leader (the president) to enforce laws and control the people and the government.
 * 1) Is Korea/ the U.S. a civilization according to the six characteristics explained in class? Provide one example from Korea/the U.S. for each characteristic.

2. Does a civilization, in your opinion, need to have all of the characteristics mentioned? Why or why not? I think a civilization will need all 6 characteristics. If no one directs and controls what people do, then the civilization would be in chaos and will eventually collapse. Second, if the food supply suddenly became a shortage, what could the civilization do? Famine would strike, killing hundreds and even thousands. Plus, since it just suddenly happened, the government might not have extra food stored. Third, EVERYONE can’t have the same job. If they did, well... for an example, if everyone were a farmer nothing would go right. A farmer needs plows, tractors, etc. but since everyone is a farmer no one would know how to make those things. It kind of like a domino effect, if one thing doesn’t go right then the others will start falling too. Fourth, what if you were in a school without any teachers or staff members and you were in the most lowest grade in the school? The older kids would bully you, right? That is why there has to be different social levels. The person who is higher leveled than the other person can set rules for them or tell them what to do. So the teachers might stop the bullying the older kids are causing. Fifth, how would you know the sun was a big fiery ball of gas without science? How would we communicate with each other, other than speaking if there were no art and writing? Architecture is one of the most essential things to me. If you didn’t build something right, where would we live in? There would be no homes for us because there was no architecture. Finally, for people who have a religion and want to be devoted to it. Whether it’s Christianity or Buddhism, there should be churches, temples, and shrines. Also with religious ceremonies.