Yena

media type="custom" key="5208467" = = = = ==

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= **After completing your** __** Understanding How Ashoka's Edicts Helped Unify India **__ sheet answer the following comprehension questions: = == 1. What are the main ideas expressed in Ashoka's edicts? The ideas that are expressed in the edict is the Buddhist values, security, justice, and general welfare.== == 2. What are some of the ways in which Ashoka's leadership promoted unity in India? Ashoka wanted his people to believe in the same idea. To do so he posted edicts to help people understand what kind of ideas to believe in.==

It united the citizens to belive in Buddhism, Ashoka himself and the power of the kingdom.
== 4. In addition to the edicts, what else might have contributed to the unification of India during this time period? Ashoka kept a very strong army which might have helped people to trust in the security og his kingdom. Also the Mauryan Empire was very strong when Ashoka became king. == ==5. Explain how one of the edicts you examined could be catagorized another way == == (i.e. instead of Buddhist Values it could also concern Justice) ==

One of the edicts could be put into Buddhist Values instead of security because it talks what Ashoka's desire is. His desire is that he wants to keep his people safe or at least feel safe.
Assignment 4-5 __** Website: [|India-Government]
 * __ [[file:Yena Cho's Ramayana Poem.pdf]]

Use the website above and what you have learned in class so far to answer these questions about the early Indus River Governments.

1. Why would having a central government help in planning and organizing a city? Having a central government would help in planning and organizing a city, because you could have a more complex system, such as controlling the sewage, and people would follow the rules. They will use the same weight system and build similar houses and more. 2. Who were Rajahs? They were the rulers of the city. 3. What is a Guru? A teacher who would live with his student until his student reached 20. 4. What subjects were taught in school? Students learned mainly about religion, and the significance of it. 5. Who was in charge of the government? The priests were in charge of the government because they had the highest social levels. 6. Why did people look up to the priests? People looked up to priests because they were the ones who made offerings to the gods. Also, they were in the highest caste. **Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.** 1. What varna were you in during the caste system simulation? I was Vaishya, the merchant group. 2. What was your favorite part about the caste system simulation? Why? My favorite part was that everyone had designated jobs. I know that it can be unfair in one way, but in many other ways it was very interesting. People were born with what they were supposed to grow up to be. They were raised differently, were provided with different education and at the end grew up to be completely different people. Nowadays, we are designated from the moment we're born, who we're going to be. People become what they want to become. There are doctors, teachers, scientists, and lots of more jobs. But, in ancient India we were born into a special varna and we were meant to be either lawmakers, scholars, warriors, merchants and slaves. 3. What part of the simulation made you angry, upset, or frustrated? Why? One thing that frustrated me a lot was the fact that the way these people were treated were so different. It angered me to see that a person could order another person to bring a cup of water to them or order them to sing, even if he or she didn't want to. Each person was born into this varna. They didn't mean to choose it. Even though Hinduism states that if you follow your dharma then you'll reborn into a person with a better varna, we don't even know our before-life. The slaves of ancient India didn't want to be slaves, they were just born into one. 4. Do you think this system is fair? Why or why not? The system is unfair, in my opinion. We should be able to choose our own path and future, not be born with an already chosen one. Following your dharma is good, and you will eventually get paid back for everything good you did, but being born into a low varna and living your life as a slave because someone your spirit was before did something wrong? This is just unfair and i'm glad that we don't have a varna, or are born into slaves. 5. Do you think a society should organize people into social classes? Why or Why not? I don't think that a society should organize people into social classes. It discourages the people from the lower class to become something great. Choosing to have a social class is like choosing to decide who's going to be smart and rich and who's not before even they're born. Social classes are often unfair because the people of higher class tend to treat the people of lower classes cruelly. Think about the activity we did in class as archeologists in Mohenjo-Daro. Using the source above, your ideas, and the notes you took about archeologists ideas, answer the following questions __clearly__ and __completely__ on your wiki page. **Each answer should be at least two sentences long with specific information.**
 * __ Assignment 4-4 __**
 * __ Assignment 4-3 __**
 * Source:** [[image:http://c1.wikicdn.com/i/mime/32/application/pdf.png width="32" height="32" caption="external image pdf.png" link="http://kis6ss.wikispaces.com/file/view/Archeologists+Ideas+Mohenjo-Daro.pdf"]] [|Archeologists Ideas Mohenjo-Daro.pdf]

1. What have you learned about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro from this activity? From this activity I learned that the people of Mohenjo-Daro were very advanced. They had special weight systems so that they could trade and pay taxes and they also had seals which showed which merchant owned what kind of goods. I was impressed by the fact that many people had bathrooms in their houses. Unlike people in older civilizations, the people of Mohenjo-Daro actually knew how to control a sewer system. They had wells and bath tubs which both contained water. The people of Mohenjo-Daro cared about their appearance and I can tell because of the kind of beads and jewelry that were found in Mohenjo-Daro. It is suspected that most women wore it a long time ago. I learned a lot about Mohenjo-Daro through this activity. 2. Which characteristics of civilization do you see represented in the artifacts you looked at? Explain. I can tell that there is a system of government that directs the people by the fact that they are maintaining the sewer system. In order to keep a big system, like a sewer system, going you need someone who directs and supervises others. Also, there are proofs that people paid taxes to the government. I can also tell that there is religion by the fact that the Great Bath was situated near a temple. Some people believe that the bathtub was used in religious rituals. In the Hindu religion bathing is an important part of it. 3. In what ways do you think Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city? Mohenjo-Daro is like a modern city in many ways. The first and most important reason is that there was a sewer system in Mohenjo-Daro. These days we still use this kind of similar system for similar purposes. Also there is religion, which we also have now a days. 4. Why do you think it is difficult for us to know exactly what life was like in ancient civilizations like those in the Indus-Sarasvati region? I think that it might be hard for us to know exactly what life was like in ancient civilizatins such as the Indus-Sarasviti region, because many of the artifacts have been destroyed. They were eroded by the river, destroyed by enemies who invaded later on, by wars and more. Also, there may have been a time when writing wasn't very modernized. We might not have any written record or information of what it was like back then. 5. What do you think might have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro? Famine or invaders from other civilizations might have influenced the decline of Mohenjo-Daro. Also there might have been a natural disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane that caused the decline. __** Website: [|Indus Valley] Use the website above to answer these questions. Write your answers in **complete sentences** with **clear details** on your wiki page. 1. What was discovered during the excavations of Mohenjo-Daro? A necklace, a figurine,a female figurine, a terracotta tablet, a set of weights, a model cart, a seal, and a metal plate was found. 2. How is Mohenjo-Daro similar to our cities today? Mohenjo-Daro is like a modern city in many ways. The first and most important reason is that there was a sewer system in Mohenjo-Daro. These days we still use this kind of similar system for similar purposes. Also there is religion, which we also have now a days. 3. What can we learn from archaeological discoveries (such as artifacts and city construction) in Mohenjo-Daro? The city of Mohnejo-Daro had a well, which they used for farming and drinking purposes. Also, many houses had sewer systems in them so we can tell that the city was pretty advanced. 4. Give clear and specific information about how people lived in Mohenjo-Daro. In your answer, you have to talk about the artifacts that you discovered and put into the museum. The people of Mohenjo-Daro were very advanced. They had special weight systems so that they could trade and pay taxes and they also had seals which showed which merchant owned what kind of goods. The people of Mohenjo-Daro cared about their appearance and I can tell because of the kind of beads and jewelry that were found in Mohenjo-Daro. It is suspected that most women wore it a long time ago. Also the female figurine that we found on the archaeological site is wearing a headdress, earrings, and lots of decoration. The merchants had a very advanced market too, because they used something called seals. Archaeologists suspect that these seals were used as tags. They told people which merchant owned what kind of good. Lastly, we can tell how farm goods were transported from farms to markets by the cart clay model. It shows a bull pulling a cart with wheels, which might have been how real goods and grains were transported. 5. What do we know about the Priest-King? We know that it is the figurine of a man. Archaeologists used to suspect that he was either the priest or the king of ancient India, but they are unsure now. He has a well-organized bear, and wears a head decoration. 6. What was the Great Bath and how was it used? The Great Bath was a pool located in the citadel of ancient India. It had little dress rooms around the pool and when the water got dirty it was taken away by a 6-foot tall drain that went through the west side of the Great Bath. The pool was used for both hygienic and religious purposes. It was considered a place where people could clean themselves, but also a kind of sacred bath. Even in Hinduism now days, bathing is a very important process. And this evidence leads us to believe that the pool really might have been used for religious purposes. **Source: [|IndiaSubcontinentMapTrans.jpg]**
 * __ Assignment 4-2
 * __ Assignment 4-1 __**


 * Directions: Look at the map above, read the text below, and answer the following questions on your wiki page:**

Early Indian agricultural settlements arose in the Indus-Sarasvati river region at least as far back as 6500 B.C.E. Like many other ancient peoples, the early Indians settled by rivers. They settled primarily on the banks of the Sarasvati River as well as along the banks of the Indus River. These rivers provided the ancient Indians with plenty of water, and the land near the rivers was fertile and excellent for growing crops. The rivers also provided the Indians with a convenient way to travel and trade among themselves and with other civilizations. Archeologists have found artifacts from the Indus-Sarasvati civilization - such as carved seals - in Mesopotamia's Sumer. These discoveries have led scholars to believe that the early Indians traded with Mesopotamia, possibly by traveling in ships down the Indus and Sarasvati rivers to the Arabian Sea and then west to Sumer and other locations. After the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E., the Indus-Sarasvati Indians moved to more habitable areas, such as the fertile banks of the Ganga river further east. Archeological evidence shows, however, that people settled by the Ganga River as far back as 5000 B.C.E.
 * I**n the 1990's, satellite pictures revealed an ancient, dried riverbed located in India's present-day Thar Desert. Geologists have identified this riverbed as the route of the ancient **Sarasvati River**. The Sarasvati lay east of the Indus River and generally followed the same course, originating in the Himalaya mountains and emptying into the Arabian Sea. Geologists believe that the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati River dried up around 1900 B.C.E. Over time, the once fertile area around the Sarasvati evolved into the dry, hot desert that exists today.

1. In what ways is your map similar to the one that you see in the map above? My map is a drawing of the major geographic features of India such as, the Deccan Plateau, Ganga River, Indus River, Himalaya Mountains and more. The map that I see above also represents these features in it. 2. What physiographic features can you identify on this map that are not on your map? The Sarasvati River is not shown on my map. 3. Why do you think settlements developed along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers? Explain with clear and complete details. I think the settlements developed along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers because the land around the rivers were very fertile and good for farming. It was also easy to trade and move around to other places if you lived next to a river, because you can move by boat. 4. Accurately draw and label the ancient Sarasvati River on your map. 5. Why did ancient Indian people eventually migrate to the Ganga River? The ancient Indians migrated to the Ganga River because the water from the Sarasvati River dried out and the once fertile land around the river turned to a desert. The people had to move to a more habitable place where they could farm and trade more easily. =__Assignment 4-1(Mohenjo-Daro)__= = = A. What have you learned about daily life in Mohenjo-Daro from this activity? I learned that the people of Mohenjo-Daro had a life like we almost have. There was specialization of labor, with some people working as farmers, or merchants, or priests, or jewelery makers. B. Which aspects of daily life do you see represented in the picture that the artist drew? I think it shows us about people working in various different jobs, and the rustle and business of a city. C. In what ways do you think Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city? Mohenjo-Daro was like a modern city in many ways. Many members of the city had bathtubs in their house connected with pipes and there was specialization of labor. Also we can tell that there was religion, because of the temples. D. Why do you think it is difficult for us to know exactly what life was like in ancient civilizations like those in the Indus-Sarasvati region? Maybe it is difficult to know because many of it was lost, because it came from such a long time ago. It might also be that a lot of the evidence was washed down by the river, or destroyed. E. What do you think might have contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro? Maybe famine, or invaders from other places might have influenced the decline of Mohenjo-Daro. Also, there might have been a natural disaster such as an earthquake or hurricane. =__Assignment 3-8__= Now that we are finished with the ancient Egypt unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about ancient Egypt. Please complete these sentences **clearly and with specific details**. Write the answers on your wiki page. If you need reminders of what we did, just scroll through the assignments on this page or look through your notes.
 * Questions:**

1. The single most important thing I learned was... that Egypt is the gift of the Nile and that the Egyptians traded and moved around using the Nile. 2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... the family tree of pharaohs, such as the pharaoh Hatshepsut, who married her brother. 3. What surprised me the most was... that the people got paid for their labor and work while they were working for the pharaoh's pyramid construction. 4. I would like to know more about... the life of other famous pharaohs such as Cleopatra and King Tut. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was... about the life of Queen Hatshepsut, and all of the great things that she did like trading with Punt and raising Egypt's economy. =__Assignment 3-5__= Read the information here about the three kingdoms in ancient Egypt. The problem with these three paragraphs is that each paragraph does not have specific details or evidence. Your task is to find specific details and evidence from our textbook for the information presented in each paragraph about each kingdom. Then re-write the paragraph adding the new specific details and evidence you found. Write the new paragraph on your wiki page. Grade each paragraph for quality: 4=outstanding work, detailed, correct and above the call of duty 3=very good work, completes assignment, is above average 2=completes assignment correctly, average work 1=does not complete assignment, needs work 0=does not follow directions, assignment missing The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE - 2200 BCE) Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 98-100 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The pharaoh was considered a god in Egypt. The pyramid was like a burial chamber to the Egyptian pharaohs; they were huge, stone tombs with four traingleshaped sides that met at the top. Many of the largest and greatest pyramids were built during the old kingdom, like the Great Pyramid of Khufu. Huge blocks of limestone were cut and taken by a boat to the building site. Giant ramps were made of rubble to be able to climb up to the high parts of the pyramid. Also the Egyptians were very concentrated in the afterlife and inside the pyramid were clues to go through the seven gates of the underworld and become a part of the god Ra, to have immortal life. As many as 100,000 workers were needed for building the pyramid. (3)
 * __Part 1__
 * Pyramids (definition, examples, construction details)
 * Workers
 * Importance of the pyramids

Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 101-102 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** By the time the Old Kingdom came to an end the pharaoh's wealth and powers were gone. Building the pyramids cost too much money and pharaoh's could not get enough tax to be able to pay for the expenses. For a 160 years the nobles of the Egyptian society took control. However there was no central ruler. After years of chaos the Middle Kingdom started. The middle kingdom was the kingdom of order. There were more laws and rules than there ever was in the Old Kingdom. However laws and rules didn't keep the kingdom safe. A group from southwest Asia called the Hykos invaded and took control of Egypt for a while, but the Egyptians fought back and eventually won. (2) Specific details and evidence about this kingdom can be found on pages 101-102 in our textbook. Your specific details and evidence should give more information about...** The New Kingdom was the time when Egypt reached its highest glory. Art and trade flourished and many great pharaohs ruled. After battling the Hyksos, the Egyptian pharaohs were afraid there would be more invasions. So, they conquered every single military route that an enemy civilization might use to invade them. This turned Egypt into an empire. It also made Egypt very rich because the kingdoms it conquered regularly sent treasure to the Egyptian pharaohs. Conquering other civilizations around the Nile River also made trades expand. It helped Egyptian traders get into contact with traders from farther places. Profitable trade routes were developed. Even though Egypt's strength grew very much invasions still didn't stop. Pharaoh Ramses, one of the greatest pharaoh in the New Kingdom, fought with the Hittites for a long time but neither side won. Ramses also fought Tahenu, the people who lived west to the Nile river. He won the fight and expanded Egypt's territory. (3) = = =__Assignment 3-4__= I want to be the sun god Ra. This is because he was considered the most important god in the Egyptian society. Also, he was the father of all gods. It would be cool to be the supreme ruler and also appear in the shape of a pharaoh, and rule. I also like that his appearance is a man with a hawk head.
 * __Part 2__**
 * The Middle Kingdom (2100 BCE - 1800 BCE)
 * the difference with the Old Kingdom:
 * what life was like during this time:
 * wars or battles and who was involved:
 * __Part 3__**
 * The New Kingdom (1500 BCE - 1000 BCE)
 * the causes of the growth of trade
 * what life was like in an empire
 * wars or battles (invasions) and who was involved
 * Part 1:** Go to this [|site] and read about the different Egyptian gods and goddesses . Choose one of these that you would like to be and explain why you would like to be that god or goddess . Then choose one that you would __**not**__ want to be and explain why. Make sure your explanations are **middle school quality explanations**.

The one god that I don't want to be is Anubis, the god of embalming and the dead. He is who guards the cemeteries, and I don't like the fact that his appearance is very dark and that he has to watch over the dead.
 * Part 2:** Compare these Egyptian gods and goddesses with the [|Mesopotamian gods and goddesses]. Did you find similar gods? Name the gods/goddesses and clearly explain the similarities? Why do you think they are similar even though Egypt and the Mesopotamian civilizations were different?

Anu is the sky god, and is also the supreme ruler of all gods, in the Mesopotamian myth. However, in Egypt Ra, the sun god, is the father and ruler of all gods. Hathor is the goddess of love in Egypt, while Ishtar is the god of love in Mesopotamia. They both represent love, but Ishtar also represents Venus, the morning and evening star. Hathor was also thought as the mother of pharaoh. These differences and similarities exist, I think, because people had similar ideas about how Earth was created. Even though they were far apart, how they made their civilizations were very similar. Their limited technology lead them to believe these gods. = = = = = =

River tour = = =__Assignment 3-3__= = = = = =__Assignment 3-2__=
 * Source:** How to Mummify Nefermaat
 * Directions:** Go to the link above to mummify a body. As you work to mummify the body, answer the following questions __**clearly and with details**__ on your wiki page.
 * 1) Why did Egyptians want to [|preserve] dead bodies? To honor them even when they are dead.
 * 2) How did they [|preserve] bodies? What is this process of preservation called? They mummified the body
 * 3) Explain how the brain was removed from the dead body. Why was the brain removed? You get stick and stick the stick through one nostril. Then push it out of another.
 * 4) Name the four internal organs that were removed from the body. What was done with these organs?Lungs, liver, intestine, and kidney. They put it in a jar with different animal heads on the top.
 * 5) What did they do with the heart? Why? They put it on the natron so that what they believed, which is the spirit would be still left.
 * 6) What is natron and why was it used? Using your scribble map of Egypt, name the area where natron came from. Natron was this stuffing they put in the pharaoh's body after they took the lungs and stuff out.
 * 7) How was [|linen] used during mummification? It was inside the pharaoh.
 * 8) What are [|amulets] and how were they used? Give two examples of amulets that were used and explain why they were used.  the 'Plummet' amulet was used to keep the person balanced in the next life.
 * 9) What happens to the body after it was mummified? They get full of jewelry and get decorated.
 * Source: Pages 93 & 94 in your online textbook and refer to your river boat tour notes**
 * Directions: Answer the following questions clearly and with details on your wiki page.**

1. Read the //If YOU were there section//. How do you feel about working for the pharaoh? I would like working for him because he is the ruler of Egypt, and i would be working for my own country. 2. Eventually the Third Dynasty began in ancient Egypt. The Third Dynasty was the beginning of what historians call __Old Kingdom__ When did it start and end?It started in 2700 BC and ended in 200BC. 3. Explain how ancient Egyptians felt about their country and their pharaoh. They felt good because they believed that their pharaohs had come to earth in order to manage Egypt for the rest of the gods. 4. What were the responsibilities of the pharaoh? They were responsible for keeping Egyptian society in order and also protected Egypt from its enemies. 5. What is best known about the famous pharaoh, Khufu? Can you name a specific monument built for him? Khufu is famous for the Great pyramid of Giza and during his reign the Great Pyramid was built. 6.a Clearly explain the structure of society in the Old Kingdom. (Note: This should be a long answer.) Egyptians believed that a well ordered society would keep their kingdom strong. the pharaoh was in the highest position, then, nobles, scribes and craftspeople, and lastly farmers,servants, and slaves. 6.b. What may be some advantages and disadvantages of such a large segment of the population being farmers, servants, and slaves? one advantage is that people can work for the pharaoh and will have enough to eat. a disadvantage is that people will not be educated. 6.c. What did farmers do during flood season? they worked on the pharaoh's building projects. 7. Clearly explain trading in ancient Egypt (what was traded and who they traded with). People traded leopard skin, Ostrich feathers, gold, copper, ivory, slaves, wood, and stones.They traded with Sryia which was provided with rare wood. 8. Define the word //**acquire**//. Use //**acquire**// in an original sentence. Acquire means to come into possession or ownership. Sentence: She acquired a pencil case from the store. 9. Using the drawing of Egyptian society on page 94, explain where Viziers would be placed? They should be in the place of Pharaohs. =__Assignment 2-8__= =Civilization Name: Assyrians=

They also had lots of farmers who produced food for the empire. || Many people were farmers long ago. ||
 * ==**Six characteristics of Civilization**== || ==**Evidence for Characteristic**== || ==**Explanation**== ||
 * 1. A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of society. || The Assyrian king who conquered most of Mesopotamia is Tiglath-pileser I. || The Assyrian empire did have a system of government and was able to succeed in conquering almost all of Mesopotamia. ||
 * 2. A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. || The Assyrians traded for food, gold, and more.
 *  3. Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. || There were soldiers, traders, sculptors and many other people with different jobs. || People had different jobs, and were able to get more things done. ||
 * 4. Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others.

|| There are kings and slaves || The king has more power, and is more important, than a slave. || Was it difficult to find evidence for the culture you picked? Why or why not? It was pretty difficult to find evidence for the culture that I chose, because on the textbook there wasn't much information on its cultures or religious systems. =**Assyrians**= []
 * 5. A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing. || The Assyrians had lots of different festivals and rituals. Also, the army had lots of strength, and was very organized. || The Assyrian army conquered lots of different empires and cities. ||
 *  6. A religious system, which might include priests and temples. || The Assyrians believed in the ancient gods. Also Ashurism was their main religion. || People used to ask the gods for blessings when they farmed, and more. ||

[]

=**Hittites**= [|http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/HITTITES.HTM]

[]

=**Chaldeans**= []

[|http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/CHALDEAN.HTM]

=__Assignment 2-7__=
 * Source: Read pages 74 and 75 in your online textbook**
 * Directions:** Read the questions/directions carefully and write **clear and detailed** answers on your wiki page.

1. Read the "If you were there..." section on page 74. How will you advise the King? I'll tell the king that if a noble or a common person does something wrong, they should spend time in jail. Maybe if you're a noble you'll get to decrease the amount of time in jail. Being a noble should be determined by how hard you work, so that people would work hard to become a noble. How long you stay in jail depends on the crime you committed. If you killed someone, then maybe you should spend your life in jail. If you stole something, maybe a few years. 2. What happened to Ur by 2000 BCE? Ur was destroyed by 2000BC, by attacks by neighboring reigns. 3. Where was Babylon located? In Mesopotamia 4. Who became the king of Babylon? When did he become king? Hammurabi became the king in 1792 BC 5. What is a monarch? A ruler of a kingdom or empire 6. After conquering all of Mesopotamia, what did Hammurabi call his empire? the Babylon Empire 7. Hammurabi was a great warrior and leader. What other skills did he have? He made the hammurabi code. 8. What is Hammurabi's Code? What areas of daily life did the code cover? The Hammurabi's code is a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. It covers trade, loans, theft, marriage, injury, murder and even more. 9. Give two reasons why Hammurabi's Code was important. 1. The rules were thorough, so that the people knew what was wrong and what kind of penalty they would get. 2. everybody could read the hammurabi's code. 10. What eventually happened to the Babylonian Empire? How is this similar to what happened to the Akkadian Empire? The Babylon Empire came to an end, and so did the Akkadian Empire. They both were destroyed shortly after their great leaders died. 11. Read the different laws in the [|Code of Hammurabi on this site] and choose **three** that you think are interesting. __**Copy**__ the three laws and their **numbers** onto your page. Then for **each** law, explain why you think it's interesting. You can write about if you disagree or agree with the law or if you think the law is a good law or a cruel law.  >>I think that this rule is too cruel. Everyone knows that its wrong to put out someone's eye. But, just because one person doesn't have an eye, it doesn't mean that there should be another person without an eye. What I mean is that, there will just be more disabled people if eyes are pulled out from the victim, and the criminal. This is bad for the empire, because people can't work as well. >>I think that if someone breaks another man's bone he should either pay money to the victim, or stay in jail. Breaking a man's bone because he might have broken someone else's is too cruel, and like I said, there will just be more disabled people in the empire. >>I think that if a physician heal the broken bone or diseased soft part of a man that has been victimized, the victim should pay the physician money. It isn't the patient's fault that he or she got hurt by someone else. It's only fair if the criminal does his part of repaying.
 * 196.** If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.
 * 197**. If he break another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.
 * 221**. If a physican heal the broken bone or diseased soft part of a man, the patient shall pay the physician five shekels in money.

= = =__Assignment 2-6__= After playing the Trader's Circuit, answer the following questions in complete sentences on your page. You can copy and paste these questions into your page. Then copy and paste your questions and answers onto your discussion tab. Then go to the **discussion tabs** of at least three other classmates and make **good quality middle school comments** about your classmates answers to the questions about the Trader's Circuit game. You can make comments to your classmates like if you agree or disagree or comments about how good their answers and ideas are. __**Trader's Circuit questions**__ 1. What part of the game did you like the best? Why? The part of the game that I liked the most was that we could talk and trade with each other. This helped me understand the trading system that Sargon created. 2. During the game, how did you feel and why did you feel that way? I felt fun and happy because we weren't just sitting and reading a book about something, but we were actually doing it. 3. What part of the game was difficult for you? The part that was difficult was making a monopoly. 4. In your opinion, what advantage is there to having a monopoly of an entire product/resource such as dates or jewelry? If you have a monopoly of an entire product then the people will only come to you to buy that product. Then, you can control the price in any way that you want because you are the only person people can get the product from. 5. What part of the game would you change if you played it again? Why? I would like to change the number of people in one village, so that it takes more time for people to make a monopoly. For some people, it was quite easy to make a monopoly and because others were trying to make a monopoly while they were already done, they couldn't trade with others or anything. 6. In this game, was it better to cooperate with another player or to be selfish and try to get all the products/resources for yourself? Why? In this game it was better to cooperate with another player, because then you can get the monopoly of the product that you want, and the other person can get the monopoly of the product that they want.

=__Assignment 2-5__= Use your online textbook pages 63 & 64 to answer these questions clearly and with details on your wiki page. Make sure to look through the **whole page** in your textbook and the links for the vocabulary when answering some of the questions.


 * 1) Where did the Akkadians live? They lived in the north of Sumer.
 * 2) What was their relationship with the Sumerians like before the 2300s B.C.E.? They had a peaceful relationship.
 * 3) Who was Sargon and what did he do? He rebelled against the Sumerian ruler and took over his city.
 * 4) What did Sargon establish? He established the first empire.
 * 5) Define 'empire'. Land with different territories and peoples under a single rule.
 * 6) Explain two examples why Sargon is considered a great leader. He made the first empire and military system.
 * 7) How long did Sargon rule his empire? He ruled his empire for more than 50 years.
 * 8) What eventually happened to the Akkadian Empire? It was ruled again by the Sumerian empire
 * 9) Who eventually became the most powerful civilization in Mesopotamia again? the Sumerian civilization
 * 10) Using the picture of the City-State of Ur, what can you see in the picture that shows Ur was an advanced city? There are military systems, wheels, carts, and abundant food

=__Assignment 2-4__= Using **The Six Characteristics of a Civilization** (see below)**,** answer the following questions **clearly** and with **details** on your wiki page. = = 1. Is Korea/ the U.S. a civilization according to the six characteristics explained in class? Provide one example from Korea/the U.S. for each characteristic. Yes. Korea has 1. A system of government, the president, the senate, the blue house, controls some actions of the society. 2. There is regular food supply that is not likely to change. People are already very used to agriculture. And lots of food are also imported. 3. People have a specialization in labor. Like being a farmer or a sculptor or a teacher. 4. Some people are more important than others because of the position they are in, like the president. 5. There is traditional and modern art and music, very much improved technology, like video chatting in different countries and everything. There is also a traditional language. 6. There isn't a special religious systems in Korea. But you can practice different religions like Buddhism, Christian, Catholic, and more. 2. Does a civilization, in your opinion, need to have all of the characteristics mentioned? Why or why not? It is good to have all the 6 characteristics but religion isn't required. 1. A system of government that directs and controls some actions of the members of the society. 2. A regular food supply that is not likely to suddenly change. 3. Specialization of labor, in which members of the society perform different jobs. 4. Different social levels, in which some members of the society are given higher status than others. 5. A highly developed culture including art, architecture, music, literature, science, and writing. 6. A religious system, which might include priests and temples.
 * The Six Characteristics of a Civilization:**

=**__Assignment 2-3__**= Please read pages 56-59 from your online textbook and answer these questions __**clearly** and in **complete sentences** on your wiki page__.

1. How did the Fertile Crescent get its name? The Fertile Crescent got its name because the soil is very good for planting crops, or in other words, fertile in Mesopotamia and its shaped like a crescent moon. 2. What was the most important factor in making Mesopotamia's farmland fertile? Water, or the river, and building the irrigation system was the most important factor in making Mesopotamia's farmland fertile. 3. In what ways did a Division of Labor contribute to the growth of Mesopotamiam civilization? The division of labor contributed to the growth of Mesopotamian civilization by dividing the jobs so that everyone has something to do. 4. How might running large projects like the maintaining a large and complex irrigation system prepare people for running a government? If people have to keep on running large projects like maintaining a large and complex irrigation system,they might think that they need someone who's the leader and in charge of things.

= = =__**Assignment 2-2**__=


 * Answer the following questions and define the vocabulary (if any) __clearly__ and with __details__ on your wiki page. Use the links above from the In Class Activity 2-1 called //Event C:// //Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System// & //Event D: Attacks by Neighboring Communities// to help you answer the questions.**

1. What was the first simple method farmers used to get water to their fields from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? They carried the waters in buckets. 2. How did farmers prevent flooding? They built dams and used irrigation. 3. Over time, carrying buckets of water to the fields was too difficult. Please __**clearly**__ explain how levees, canals, dams, and reservoirs were used to make life easier for farmers? They built natural earth walls, called levees, to prevent flooding. When the land was dry, farmers poked holes in the levee and water came out from there. People shaped there lands in to rivers, which is called canals, to control the direction of water. Dams, or barriers, reservoirs, or water-collection pools also prevented the water from flooding. 4. Which word means an extra supply of something such as food? Surplus 5. What could happen if one canal was clogged? If one canal was clogged then the water won't move through there and the whole irrigation system would be broken. 6. How did different villages take care of the complex irrigation system? They cooperate with each other.
 * Event C: Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System**

1. How did Mesopotamian villages help each other? They helped each other control the irrigation system. 2. How were people, who lived very far apart, connected to each other? They were connected by the irrigation canals that wound through the cities. 3. What did many villages grow into? Many villages grew into cities. 4. What do we call the region in Mesopotamia that had many growing cities and towns? What are the people called that come from this region? The region of growing cities was called Sumers and the people were called Sumerians 5. How could one city stop the water from reaching another city? They can clog up one part of the irrigation so that the water couldn't get to the other side. 6. Why was it easy to attack other cities on the Mesopotamian plains? Because the Mesopotamian plains provided no natural barriers. 7. What defense plan is best to protect a city? I think that it is best to build walls around the city so that the enemy cannot come in. It is also a good idea to dig holes in the ground so that you can travel in secret just in case the walls come down.
 * Event D: Attacks by Neighboring Communities**

= = = = = = =**__Assignment 2-1__**=


 * Answer the following questions and define the vocabulary (if any) clearly and with details on your wiki page.** **Use the links above from the Class Activity** **//to// help you answer the questions.**

1. What helped the human population to grow in //Mesopotamia//? Increased food supply, sturdier shelters, and improved technology helped the human population to grow dramatically in Mesopotamia. 2. What does //cultivate// mean? Cultivate means to grow. 3. By 5000 B.C.E. what major problem did the farmers in the Zagros hills have? By 500 BCE, the farmers in the Zargos hills did not have enough land on which to grow food for the increasing population. 4. Using the choices in the critical thinking section of the activity, what is the best way to deal with the food shortage? Why? I think that it is best to first try to increase the number of time each years that farmers plant their crops because then, if there still isn't enough food move down to the river plains and grow crops there. The farmers will have to find a way to control the large amount of flowing water in the rivers so that there is no flood and the ground is soft enough for farming.
 * //Event A: Food Shortage//**

1. What two major problems did farmers have as they tried to grow their crops on the Mesopotamian river //plains//? The soil was hot and stony in the most of the year but in the spring snow melted from the mountains and there was a big flood. 2. How did they solve these problems? They managed to control the water using dams and irrigation. 3. Where did the melted snow that caused flooding come from? The flooding came from the Zargos Mountain.
 * Event B: Uncontrolled Water Supply**

= = = = =__Assignment 9__= Now that we are finished with the Early Humans unit, I would like you to reflect on what you have learned about Early Humans. Please complete these sentences clearly and with specific details. Write the answers on your wiki page.

1. The single most important thing I learned was... that living things like Homo Habilis, Australopithecus, and Homo Erectus existed. 2. Something that confused me or that I didn't understand was... was the connection between the eras, like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic, and the hominids like humo erectus, habilis. I wasn't sure which hominid exactly lived in which era. 3. What surprised me the most was... that they actually had brain surgery in the Neolithic Era. 4. I would like to know more about... how all the species died out except for Humo Sapiens. 5. The part that I think I will always remember was... is when we learned that people started domesticating plants and animal starting from the end of Mesolithic and to the Neolithic Era.

=__Assignment 8__= Use these two videos about Catal Huyuk to answer these questions __**clearly**__ and __**completely**__ on your wiki page. 1. What are three things about daily life in Catal Huyuk that surprised you? Why did they surprise you? The first thing about Catal Huyuk that surprised me was that parents started to actually care about wealth and having food. This is because its so similar to the parents and people of the 21st century, everyone cares if someone has lots of money and parents want their daughter to be married to a rich person, sometimes. The second things that surprised me about Catal Huyuk is the brain surgery. The surgery actually looks pretty complex and people even do it these days. The third thing that surprised me about Catal Huyuk is that people started to take some care of their dead. Instead of leaving the bodies to rot they buried the bodies in a place sort of like a graveyard. 2. What are three things about daily life in Catal Huyuk you knew already from class? I knew that in Catal Huyuk lots of people lived in a brick house instead of huts, I also knew that people would eventually start domesticating plants and animals. I learned from class that people developed their own language and started to build and control fire. 3. Jookie is a 12 year old living in Catal Huyuk. __**Explain**__ three ways her life is different than yours. (Note: Simply saying you have cell phones and she doesn't is an unacceptable answer.) I am an 11 year old girl living in the 21st century. Jookie is a 12 year old living in Catal Huyuk. You can also say that she is living in the Stone Age. Well, my day would be different in many ways with Jookie's. First of all I would go to school instead of helping my mom make clothes out of pelt or gather plants. Second, I would ride the bus when I go home and Jookie would never ride something called a bus in her whole lifetime. Third, Jookie would have a father who hunts and gathers while I have a father who is an investment banker. So in conclusion, Jookie and I are different in many ways.
 * Catal Huyuk video 1
 * Catal Huyuk video 2

=__Study Guide__= =Hominids and their Characteristics.=

Homo erectus learned how to control fire. Australopithecus, or early hominids, walked on two legs. Homo sapiens migrated across the world. Homo erectus means upright man. Donald Johanson discovered the bones of Lucy, an early hominid that lived more than 3 million years ago. Mary Leakey found some of the earliest ancestors of humans in Olduvai Gorge.  = = = =

= = = = = = =__Hominids and Their Characteristics__=


 * __**Australopithecus**__: Name means 'southern ape'. They appeared in Africa about 4~5 million years ago. They stood up and walked on two legs. Their brain is one third the size of human brian.
 * __**Homo habilis**__: Name means 'handy man'. They appeared in Africa about 2.4 million years ago. They used early stone tools for chopping and scraping. Their brain is half the size of modern humans
 * __**Homo erectus**__: Name means 'upright man' They appeared in Africa about 2~1.5 million years ago. They used early stone tools like the hand a. They learned to control fire.
 * __**Homo sapiens**__: Name means 'wise man'. They appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago. They migrated around the world. They learned how to use different tools and languages.

=__Aspects of Daily Life Effects__= food source...?


 * People domesticated animals. They also advanced in agriculture such as starting to pick out the best seeds that produce the most amount of grains and started reproducing the good seeds over and over again, which is selective breeding.
 * More food=more people. Babies didn't die as much. People got sick less because of the abundance of food.
 * People lived in bigger clusters. This enabled people to help each other and obtain even more food.
 * Less land was needed because most people farmed instead of hunting. So, more people were able to use the land since land was divided into smaller pieces. People didn't starve so much as they did before.
 * People started to trade with one another.
 * They used obsidian to make knife blades and mirrors.
 * People replaced animal skins with cotton and silk.
 * People paid more attention to their houses.
 * Tools developed.
 * People lived in square houses made out of brick so that they won't break and be easy to expand.
 * People developed new kinds of stone tools.

=**__Vocabulary__**=

Alphabetical order-please do not mess it up. It makes reading much easier

 * __**Agriculture**__- the production of crops, livestock, or poultry.
 * __**Ancestor**__-a person from whom one is descended; forebear; progenitor.
 * __**Archaeology**__- the study of historic and prehistoric people, their religion, and more depending on analysis from their artifacts.
 * __**Artifacts**__-any object made by human beings
 * **__Domestication__**-to tame animals so they are more useful to humans
 * **__History__**-the study of the past
 * **__Hominid__**-an early ancestor of humans
 * **__Hunter-gatherer__**- People who hunt animals and gather plants and seeds for food
 * **__Mesolithic Era__**- 'middle stone' era
 * **__Neolithic Era__**-'new stone' era
 * __**Paleolithic Era**__- 'old stone' era
 * **__Prehistory__**-the time before writing was developed
 * __**Selective Breeding**__-the technique where you take the desired traits of a plant/animal and only mate those together so that their children have the traits too.
 * **__Surplus__**- an amount, quantity, etc., greater than needed.
 * __**Tool**__- an implement, esp. one held in the hand, as a hammer, or saw

=__Timeline__=
 * **__BCE__**-before the common era
 * **__CE__**-common era
 * **__BC__**-before christ
 * **__AD__**-//anno domini//
 * **__c.__**-circa; term that means 'about'
 * **__decade__**-10 years
 * **__century__**-100 years
 * **__millennium__**-1000 years

= = =__Other notes__=
 * We still use some of the techniques that we developed a long time ago.
 * People keep in evolving so our grand grand grand children might look different from us depending on what condition they live in.

= = = = = = = =

= = =__Assignment 7__= Write 3 good test questions covering any of the topics we have studied so far. 1. What is the scientific name for Lucy, the early hominid? 2. What was the most significant change that happened in the Neolithic Era? 3. What are the differences between the shelters that were made in the Paleolithic Era and Neolithic Era? Why do you think are they differently made?

Answer these questions **clearly** and **completely** on your wiki page.

1. What was the main difference between life in the Paleolithic period and life in the Neolithic period? People farmed and domesticated animals instead of hunting and gathering. 2. How did people's lives change as they began to domesticate plants and animals during the Neolithic period? Hunters didn't have to chase after wild animals anymore. The people traded with each other with the supplies that they had. They started to wear sheep wools in the winter to be warmer during hunting or farming. 3. What are some advantages and disadvantages of the changes in daily life that occurred as a result of the development of agriculture? The advantages are that people had more supplies of food and they were warmer in the winter. The people got along together better because they traded and helped each other. They saved time because they didn't need to hunt and gather anymore. The disadvantages are that droughts could make families starve because the crops couldn't grow. And a flood could wash off all the crops that the people planted.

=__Assignment 6__= Use your online textbook (p. 40 & p. 41) to answer these questions __**clearly**__ and __**completely**__. Please put your answers on your wiki page.

1. Read the paragraph in the //Beginnings of Agriculture// section on p.40 and answer the question (How could this discovery change your life?). If I discovered that the seeds I left on the ground made new and more plants it would change my life in a lot of ways. First of all I would start to actually plant my seeds so that I have some kind of farm where I can harvest whenever I want. Second because food is abundant I can trade it with other objects and maybe sell it. I would also have more time to worry about other things than food like my house or clothes. Read //The First Farmers// and //Plants// section on p.41 and answer these questions: 2. What is another name for the New Stone Age? Neolithic Era 3. What kinds of tools did people make during this time? What do you think they used these tools for? People made tools like s aws and drills. They used these tools to gather food and cut woods or more. 4. In the textbook it says that people during the Neolithic period could now __**make**__ fire. Which hominid would this be? Homo Erectus 5. When we changed from gathering food to growing food, historians called it the Neolithic Revolution. Why do you think it's called a revolution? I think that it is called a revolution because it was the first time people were able to obtain food by owning something and not just taking it. They were able to save food and keep on growing so that they will never grow out of it. 6. What is the definition for the word 'domestication'? Domestication: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans 7. Using the map on p.41, which animals were domesticated in Asia? Horse, cattle, sheep and goat were domesticated in Asia. 8. Using the map on p.41, where was corn first domesticated? The corn was first domesticated in North America. 9. If you were a farmer, how would your life be different than a hunter and gatherer. Give three ways your life would be different. If I was a farmer then 1. I wouldn't have to hunt and gather food every time there are not enough supplies. 2. I would have my own land or a land that I shared with a few people. 3. I would be able to trade with other farmers who grow different crops and trade meat or fish.

=__Assignment 5__= Read pages 32-34 from your online textbook and answer these questions __**clearly** and in **complete sentences** on your wiki page__. = =
 * 1) Why do historians need archaeologists and anthropologists to study **prehistory**? Prehistory is history before anything was recorded. So in order to know what happened way before historians need archaeologists and anthropologists to study who or what was there and predict what happened.
 * 2) What might have been one advantage of walking completely upright? One advantage of completely walking upright might have been that you can learn how to use your hands. Animals who don't stand up on two legs use all four of their arms and legs as mostly legs so if you can use two of the legs as arms and hands it will be easier to get fruits or pick things up.
 * 3) What kind of **tools** did people use during the **Paleolithic Era**? During the Paleolithic Era people used stones for tools. They hit one stone with another so that the stone would have a sharp edge.
 * 4) Design a stone and wood tool you could use to help you with your chores. Describe your tool in a sentence or two. I would carve a stone in to a round bowl, connect with with a piece of wood and use it for scooping things up. I would make a long wooden stick connected to a head of a mop so that I could clean the floor. Then I would exchange the head of the mop with something I could dust with.
 * 5) What is a **hunter-gatherer**? A hunter-gatherer is a person who hunts animals and gathers wild plants to survive.
 * 6) In your opinion, what was the most important change brought by the development of language? I think the most important change brought by the development of language is that people were able to communicate with each other. When you can only express yourself with your body then its really hard to tell the other person what you're trying to say. But, when you have a definite language it makes it easier for everyone to talk and to understand.
 * 7) Define the boldfaced words above.
 * Prehistory: history before there were any records of
 * Paleolithic Era: the first stone age
 * Hunter-gatherer: People who hunt animals and gather plants

=**__Assignment 4__**= Please read pages 29 & 30 from your online textbook and answer these questions __**clearly** and in **complete sentences** on your wiki page__.

1. On which continent were Lucy and other hominids found? Lucy and the other hominids were found in Africa, Hadar. 2. What is the scientific name of Lucy? The scientific name of Lucy is Australopithecus. 3. How long ago did Lucy live? Lucy lived 3 million years ago. 4. What was an important step in human development? The important step in human development was standing on two feet. 5. Describe and explain how these hominids are different from each other. Use the charts about the hominids on page 30 to help you with the answer. Make sure your answer is **clear and detailed.**
 * Australopithecus: the name means southern ape and they walked with two legs. Their brains are one third of the human brain.
 * Homo habilis: the name means handy man. They used stone tools for chopping and scrapping.
 * Homo erectus: the name means upright man. They learned how to control fire. They used early stone tools like the hand ax.
 * Homo sapiens: the name means wise man. They invented a language and migrated around the world.

6. Which hominid are you? we are homo sapiens

= = =__Assignment 3__= Note you will have 3 class periods to prepare your plays. See Resources-1 Answer the following questions on your wiki page. 1. What were your roles in the 'Creation of a Puppet Show' project? I was the director. 2. What Problems did your group run into? Not everyone fully participated in the process of making sets for the puppet show. 3. How did your group deal with these problems? We tried to get everyone more motivated and worked together. 4. Identify two similarities between all of the origin stories. The two similarities between all of the origin stories are that gods created the humans and that the humans are less greater than gods. 5. Compare and Contrast any of the two origin stories presented in class (at least one paragraph). I will compare and contrast the two origin stories of China and Egypt. FIrst, the similarities of the Chinese and Egyptian stories are that the gods are both lonely in the beginning. However, while Nuwa, the chinese god, creates human beings intentionally for her to befriend them, Ra, the sun god of Egypt, creates god companions but unintentionally creates humans with his tears. The second similarity is that human beings are always less greater than gods. The gods always are the one that human beings look up to. = =
 * Human Origins-The Puppet Play Project** **Response**

=**__Assignment 2__**= Just like the questions you were asked in class, please create five questions about the timeline we used in class. 1. How many centuries passed since the building of pyramids to the creation of alphabet? about 14 centuries 2. In what century was the automobile invented? the eighteenth century 3. Were cave paintings in France made in a BCE year or a CE year? BCE year 4. How many decades passed since the invention of color television? almost 10 decades 5. Was Columbus born in a CE year or a BCE year? CE year

=**__Assignment <span class="currency_converter_link">1 __**=

Using your notes and page 4 from your online textbook, answer the following questions on your wiki page. 1. Were you born in a BCE year or an CE year? 2. Put the following dates in order: AD 2000, 3100 BC, 15 BCE, AD 476, AD 3, CE 1215 3. If you read that an event happened c. AD 1000, what would that mean?

1. I was born in a CE year. 2. 3100 BC, 15 BCE, AD 3, AD 476, CE 1215, AD 2000. 3. The event happened at about AD 1000.